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["1) Searching only \"Main relevant topic\" : Use Pulldown menu and push button above",{"$nulls":14},2,"Ladle stirring station","AS",null,2,"2_Process models"]
["2) Searching only \"Main aggregate\" : Use Pulldown menu and push button above",{"$nulls":14},3,"Vacuum tank degassing plant","VD",null,3,"3_Online control"]
["3) Searching both \"Main relevant topic\" and \"Main relevant topic : Use both Pulldown menus and push button \"Activate both Filters\"",{"$nulls":14},4,"RH degassing plant","RH",null,4,"4_Auxiliary materials"]
["2) See the whole table : Push button \"Delete Filter\"",{"$nulls":14},5,"All","ALL",null,5,"5_Resource efficiency"]
[{"$nulls":15},6,"VOD plant","VOD"]
[{"$nulls":15},7,"AOD converter","AOD"]
[{"$nulls":15},8,"Tundish","TUN"]
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["Nr","Number of contract","Title","Acronym","Abstract","Main relevant topic","Further relevant topics","Relevant Sub-Topics","Main Aggregate","Further Aggregates","Main project results","Level of industrial / practical application","Report number  "]
[1,"7210-CB/107 ","Development of process technology and metallurgy for extremely low and strictly limited nitrogen contents","/","To satisfy requirements for steel with low nitrogen contents and steels with very precise nitrogen contents, fundamental data on denitrogenation in liquid steelmaking were applied to develop a thermodynamic and kinetic model. ",2,null,"2.1, 2.4","AOD",null,"General process indications were given on hot metal, plain carbon steel, high-alloy steels, vacuum treatment and a thermodynamic and kinetic model was developed to characterize the elimination or fixing of nitrogen.","Findings applied on benficiary plant.","EUR 14483 DE"]
[2,"7215-CA/107","On-line analysis of molten steel for automated steel production (1st phase)\n","AMSAS","The objective of this pilot project was to build and test an on-line analysis system for monitoring and measuring the change in concentration of various elements in liquid steel by laser-induced spectroscopy. The measurement system was tested for monitoring the carbon content in an AOD converter. ",1,null,"1.2, 3.5","AOD",null,"The carbon content of liquid melt was measured online at an AOD converter using LIBS, but freezing of metal at the gas purged measurement tuyere in the converter bottom limited availability","After testes at laboratory furnaces the measurement system was successfully applied for 6 month at an industrial AOD converter","EUR 15184"]
[3,"7210-CC/104","Development of a model for the vacuum circulating process","/","The objective of this project was to develop a detailed dynamic model for decarburisation in the RH process, which can be used for on-line monitoring of the process behaviour. ",2,"3","2.1, 2.5","RH",null,"Dynamic process model for description of decarburisation behaviour during RH process ","Process model was provided as simulation model with validation by industrial process data. On-line application was possible, but not foressen within the project.","EUR 16186 DE"]
[4,"7210-GD/109","Fast multi-element on-line analysis of steel melts by means of laser technology - Development of a novel method for laser emission spectrometry  (Phase I)\n","/","This project intended to develop the use of a modulated laser to excite specific emission peaks for certain elements over wavelengths compatible with the use of optical fibres. The results were to be used to develop a rapid system for analysing liquid steel bath composition.",1,"3","1.2, 3.3","All",null,"Improvement of laser-based multi-element analysis thanks to laser modulation approach.","Validation of the measurement mean efficiency at laboratory-scale. Pilot scale validation to be done in phase II.","EUR 16632"]
[5,"7210-GD/409","Direct trace element analysis by AES with a high energy source (Phase II)\n","/","This project intended to continue previous development work and produce an AES source for increased accuracy and sensitivity of element analysis in liquid steel of at least an order of magnitude compared with classic analytical techniques.  ",1,null,"1.2","LF","AS","Fundamental work. The best performance was obtained with the dual chamber source. The effects of microwave irradiation on glow discharge and on emission were checked by analyzing forged hollow cathode samples. Some elements were found to be extremely sensitive to microwaves, while on others microwave irradiation either had no effects at all or, in some cases, even harmful effects.","None","EUR 16702 IT"]
[6,"7210-CC/805","Optical sensing of temperature and stirring conditions in ladle furnaces","/","The aim of this project was to develop new techniques for the measurement of stirring, inclusion entrainment and steel temperature in a ladle furnace and to exploit these techniques with the aim of balancing demands for fast working with steel cleanness and energy efficiency.",1,"3","1.1, 1.3, 3.3","LF",null,"(1) Optical temperature measurement possible but not proved. (2) Optical steel velocities measurement proved impractical. (3) Ultrasound to measure steel velocity feasable but not proved within the project. ","(1) Measurement method effective in laboratory conditions but not industrially. (2) Not feasable. (3) Method worked in water but not in steel, reason is supposed to be US source not powerfull enough and this couldn't be solved in the course of the project. ","EUR 18365 EN"]
[7,"7215-EB/10 ","Continuous measurement and analysis of liquid steel (BOF)","/","Within this project a device was installed at a BOF converter, which is capable of continuously measuring temperature using pyrometry techniques as well as analysing the carbon and phosphorus contents of the liquid metal. Excitation will be based on laser beam techniques.",1,null,"1.2","LF","All","Measurements trials were not satisfactory, project was stopped.","Measurements trials were not satisfactory, project was stopped.","/"]
[8,"7210-CC/109,110,701","Process Modelling, Process Measurements and Control to Optimise Secondary Steeelmaking in the Production of Super Clean Steels","/","This project improved the performance of secondary steelmaking vessels by developing techniques of process modelling, measurement and control of slag, vacuum and temperature parameters. Bubbling and vacuum techniques were employed for production of super-clean steels. ",2,"1, 3, 4","1.1, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 3.3, 4.2","All",null,"This project improved the performance of secondary steelmaking vessels by developing techniques of process modelling, measurement and control of slag, vacuum and temperature parameters. Bubbling and vacuum techniques were employed for production of super-clean steels. ","The findings were applied to partners plant (details were given in form of general process management indications) and also taken as reference by producers with the same aims.","/"]
[9,"7210-CB/122,312,941","Low Nitrogen in EAF steelmaking","/","The low nitrogen content required for highly ductile steel grades (strips, bars, wire) is not usually achieved in conventional, 100% scrap-based EAF steelmaking. The aim of the research was to establish the feasibility and the features of an industrial process for producing low nitrogen (50 ppm and less) steels in the EAF, using scrap as iron source.",1,"3","1.2, 3.4","VF","TUN","(1) Carbon addition at EAF tapping decreases nitrogen content for high C steel. (2) Improved vacuum sequence decrease nitrogen content but increase process time.","Results were obtained on industrial tools and were still applied by the plants after the end of the project.","EUR 19349 EN"]
[10,"7210-MA/319, 320","High nitrogen stainless steels by AOD / VOD process","/","Within this project, the thermodynamics of nitrogen alloying in stainless steelmaking by bottom stirring during ladle treatment under atmospheric pressure were investigated, and a model for description of the nitrogen behaviour was developed. ",2,null,"2.1","AOD","VOD","To improve the nitrogen alloying during the steelmaking practice, a validated model describing the nitrogen gas dissolution kinetics during bottom stirring in ladle was adapted to stainless steels. A good agreement was obtained between nitrogen yields predicted by the model and obtained during industrial heats. ","For industrial purpose, the dissolution kinetics model can be used to improve the efficiency of nitrogen bubbling during the steelmaking practice. ","EUR 19417"]
[11,"7210-CC/116,407,117","Improvement of vacuum circulation plant operation on the basis of the BFI simulation model","/","Within this project a simulation model of the vacuum circulation process (RH) for decarburization of steel was extended to include further metallurgical operations such as stirring, gas input, oxygen blowing, dehydrogenation and nitrogen control and to improve process control of RH plants.",2,3,"2.1, 2.3, 2.5","RH",null,"Dynamic process model for description of degassing and temperature behaviour during RH process ","Process model was provided as simulation model with validation by industrial process data. On-line application at one industrial RH plant within the project, today state of the art within RH process control systems.  ","EUR 19488 EN"]
[12,"7210-CC/121/122/936","Dynamic modelling and control of the vacuum degassing process","/","Within this project a process control system for vacuum treatment in ladle degassing stations or similar facilities was developed. By means of dynamic process models for decarburization, desulphurisation, denitrogenation and dehydrogenation, the vacuum treatment time was predicted. ",2,"3","2.1, 2.5","VD",null,"Dynamic process model for description of degassing and temperature behaviour during VD process ","Process model was provided as simulation model with validation by industrial process data. On-line application at one industrial VD plant within the project, today state of the art within VD process control systems.  ","EUR 19484 EN"]
[13,"7210-CC/114","Improvement of cleanness and fine-grain structure of Ca-treated and Al-deoxidised steels with a high S content made by continuous casting of billets and blooms","/","In this research project the process routes: - EAF-LFV; - LD-RH-degassing, were  optimized for production of Al-deoxidized steel grades with S- contents. Ladle metallurgy and process engineering were investigated for the production of these critical steels with high cleanness requirements.",1,"3","1.2, 1.3, 3.1","RH","LF, VD","(1) Corrected Ca treatment to form liquid inclusions for very high and low S contents (2) Successful demonstration of the use of Oxide metallurgy i.e. use of fine dispersion of oxides to improve castability and the microstrutcure  using alternate deoxidation technology","The findings are implented by the project partners at the industrial scale by indicating the existence of inclusion path during ladle metallurgy which influences the effectiveness of Ca-treatment","EUR 19486"]
[14,"7210-GD/120","Sensitivity enhanced laser analysis of steel melts for fast multi-element on-line analysis during ladle processing in secondary metallurgy ","SELA","The goal of this research project was the performance evaluation of fast multi- element, on-line laser analysis during ladle processing in steel metallurgy with determination limits of less than 10 ppm, especially for carbon, phosphorus, sulphur and nitrogen.",1,null,"1.2, 3.5","All","AS","Online chemical analysis based on LIBS was succcesfully demonstrated at a steel melt and limits of detection for C, P, S, Ni, Cr with 10ppm were improved by factor of 10","Measurement system was calibrated at 350g small scale furnace and applied to 100kg steel melt in a laboratory induction furnace ","EUR 19411"]
[15,"7210/CC/302/303/809","Development of techniques to minimise ladle/slag interaction and prevent uncontrolled inclusion modification","/","The main goals of this project were to identify detailed mechanisms of mass transfer from refractory lining of ladles towards steel regarding carbon pick-up by ultra-low carbon steels and contamination by glazed ladle lining from previous casts, to improve process practices in ladle that minimise both aspects and thus to contribute to a better control of steel inclusion populations and of steel composition.",4,null,"4.1","LF",null,"Mechanisms were identified of mass transfer from refractory lining of ladles towards steel in the two situations: carbon pick-up by ultra-low carbon steels from C-bearing refractories at slag line, contamination of metal by glazed ladle lining from previous casts, (b) to improve process practices in ladle that minimise both aspects; (c) to contribute to casting higher quality steels by better control of steel inclusion populations and of steel composition (carbon in ultra-low carbon steel) at ladle stage of the elaboration.","Findigs relevant to steelmakers is the occurrence of  C pick-up by ULC steel after vacuum treatment, mainly controlled by slag wear. Decrease in C pick-up occurs when using low-C developed MgO-C bricks. Moreover, pilot plant trials showed that liquid steel/glaze reactions predominate in glaze formation and heat transfer is a major mechanism in the removal of ladle glaze from refractory walls.","EUR 19485"]
[16,"7210-PR/009","Control of inclusions in RH degassing processes","/","The main aim of this project was to develop, test and validate physical and CFD modelling techniques for the evaluation of RH vacuum degasser performance with respect to steel cleanness. ",2,"1, 3","2.3, 2.4, 1.3, 3.2, 3.3","RH",null,"CFD model of RH degasser (interactions between melt, inclusions and gases), model of inclusion coalescence phenomena, injection of powder reagent to improve steel internal quality.","Models were provided as simulation model with validation by industrial process data.","EUR 20179"]
[17,"7210-PR/011 ","Dynamic process control of AOD converter","/","A dynamic model for decarburisation and temperature behaviour within the AOD process was developed, based on balance calculations for carbon, oxygen and energy and used off-gas analysis and flow rate values to determine the decarburisation rate and the current carbon content.  ",2,"3","2.1, 2.5, 3.2","AOD",null,"Dynamic process model for description of decarburisation and temperature behaviour during AOD process ","Process model was provided as simulation model with validation by industrial process data. On-line application at one industrial AOD plant within the project, today state of the art within AOD process control systems.  ","EUR 20177"]
[18,"7210-PR/010","The use of artificial intelligence to control secondary steelmaking practices\n","/","The objective of this project was to develop tools and techniques based on artificial intelligence to monitor the performance of heat treatment and to calculate alloy material requirements throughout the complete secondary steelmaking route.",3,null,"3.2, 3.4","LF","VD","Main results were : retrospective diagnosis of through-process control, optimisation of alloying strategy for manufacturing success at low cost and improvement in process control of steelmaking unit operations. Research related to each of these themes has been successful in creation of new tools directly applicable to one of the three steelmaking plants at which development has been focused. ","Findings applied on partners 'plants.","EUR 28178"]
[19,"7210-PR/207","Operation and control of vacuum circulation (RH) process with lance oxygen input","/","The objective of this project was to develop dynamic models for decarburisation and steel temperature behaviour within the RH degassing process with oxygen top lance, and to use these models for on-line observation and control of the lance oxygen input. \n",3,"2","2.1, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3","RH",null,"Dynamic process model for description of decarburisation and temperature behaviour during RH process with oxygen top lance ","Process model was validated by industrial process data from two RH plants. On-line application at one industrial RH plant within the project, today applied within few RH process control systems.  ","EUR 21435"]
[20,"7210-PR-080","Desulphurisation of liquid steel with refining top slags","/","The objective of this project was to investigate the influencing parameters of the desulphurisation reaction via the ladle top slag in detail, and to optimise the process with respect to slag control and refining kinetics. ",1,"2, 4","1.2, 2.3, 4.3","LF","AS, VD","(1) Development of a numerical model to trace the desulphurisation (2) Optimisation of various parameters related to slag composition for effective desulphurisation","The work consisted of operational trials and helped in optimizing the desulphurisation process through optimization of slag chemistry and slag-metal mixing","EUR 20474"]
[21,"7210-PR/079","Control of inclusion, slag foaming and temperature in vacuum degassing","/","The objective was to develop a new concept for on-line control of the vacuum degassing process. The concepts were based on techniques as the modified OES method,  radio-wave interferometry technology for slag level measurements and temperature measurements by thermovision camera. ",2,"1","2.1, 2.5, 1.1, 1.4","VD",null,"Dynamic process model for description of temperature behaviour and inclusion removal during VD process. Application of IR camera to monitor temperature evolution. ","Process model was provided as simulation model with validation by industrial process data of two VD plants, no on-line application within the project. Monitoring of T evolution by IR camera failed, but stirring behaviour can be monitored.  ","EUR 20562"]
[22,"7210-PR/135","Production of EAF steels with low contents in N2 and S through vacuum treatment","/","Development of dynamic models for denitrogenation and desulphurisation in vacuum degassing for production of low-alloyed steels via the electric steelmaking route.",2,null,"2.1, 2.2, 2.3","VD",null,"Dynamic process model for description of denitrogenation and desulphurisation behaviour during VD process ","Process model was provided as simulation model with validation by industrial process data of two VD plants, no on-line application within the project. Today applied within some VD process control systems.  ","EUR 20945 EN"]
[23,"7210-PR/136","Characterisation and optimisation of ladle stirring systems for the steelmaking industry","/","The project's aim was to improve the reliability and efficiency of the ladle stirring process. Different stirring systems were investigated with regard to their reliability, efficiency and wear. ",4,null,"4.2","AS",null,"From the experiences of all partners, proposals for the further improvement of stirring systems are made which point out the main objectives for the equipment, operation and maintenance. ln addition, proposals for the standardisation of stirring systems are derived, which should be used by producers and by users \n","Practical recommendations were given to avoid blocked stirring plugs or gas leakage. Findings applied in two partners' plants.","EUR 20946 EN"]
[24,"7210-PR-168","Improved production control through rapid characterisation of non-metallic inclusions in steel","/","Aim of the project was to develop a fast and robust laser- method characterising inclusions over a large area or volume that can be integrated into the process control.",1,null,"1.3","All",null,"(1) Development of a laser-OES technique to provide quantitative and qualitative information about the non-metallic inclusions in steel","The LIBS technique has been developed using the industrial steel samples so can be implemented on an industrial scale","EUR 21627 EN"]
[25,"7210-PR/138","Chromium-free alternative refractory for the lining of RH/DH vessels","/","The goal of this project was to find solutions to avoid the dumping of RH refractory wastes in special costly landfills by substituting magchrome bricks by chromium-free materials among the magnesia-spinel group. ",4,"5","4.1, 5.1","RH",null,"Development of a Chromium-free refractory recipe to reduce the enviromental impact of hexavalent chromium","An alternative recipe was developed and tested for an industrial application with successful results, however, it was not implemented.","EUR 21335"]
[26,"7210/PR/206","The Determination and elimination of the effect of Anti-Oxidants in Magnesia-Carbon bricks on steel composition and inclusion formation","/","This project investigated the effects of anti-oxidant materials in MgO-C bricks on steel cleanness and ladle life. A rapid analysis technique, using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), to detect trace elements and inclusions was also developed. LIBS was successful in mapping element distributions in refractory, slag and metal. Inclusion detection is compared with SEM methods and advantages of LIBS in speed of analysis are defined.  ",4,"1","4.1, 1.2, 1.3","All",null,"The generation of potentially harmful inclusions, such as spinel and corundum, has been shown by the thermodynamic and kinetic models. The presence of those species has been shown in laboratory experiments and in plant samples. ","The development of the LIBS rapid analysis system has shown to be a powerful investigation tool capable of analysing soluble concentrations, inclusion composition, position and size. \nAreas for further development have been identified and it is recommended that LIBS systems be considered for both research and production applications. ","EUR 21446 EN"]
[27,"7210-RP-204 ","Innovative continuous on-line determination of the steel melt temperature by direct optical measurement in the melt","/","In this project a new method for a continuous temperature measurement of liquid steel by pyrometer with optical fibre measurement technology was developed. The new system was tested and optimised on several steel plants including EAF furnaces, BOF converters, ladles and tundishes. \n",1,"3","1.1, 3.3","LF","TUN","Continuous temperature measurement of liquid steel by pyrometer with optical fibre measurement technology."," The new system was succesfully tested and optimised on several steel plants including EAF furnaces, BOF converters, ladles and tundishes.","EUR 21428 EN"]
[28,"7210-PR-270","Improvement of inclusion flotation during RH treatment","/","The objective of this project was to develop a validated model of prediction of the evolution of the inclusion population during RH treatment, to evaluate the effect of ladle slag composition on the capture of inclusions and finally to propose an optimised flotation process at the RH unit.",2,"1","2.1, 2.3, 1.3","RH",null,"(1) Development of process models using experimental and numerical modelling techniques to improve the removal of non-metallic inclusions during the RH process ","The project has covered the performance of industrial RH degasser in terms of inclusion population, and its separation from liquid steel","EUR 22388 EN"]
[29,"7210-PR-271","In situ, quick sensing system for measurements of process-critical components in steelmaking slags","INQUISS","The aim of this project was the adaptation and optimisation of laser-based sensing (LIBS) in plant processing conditions, to develop a quick/on-line, in-situ measurement system of process-critical components of molten slags. Different metallurgical slags in steelmaking (EAF, Converter and Ladle) were used, and the determination oxides was achieved by detection of their elemental concentration.",1,"3, 4, 5","1.2, 3.3, 4.1, 5.4","LF",null,"EAF and BOF slag analysis by LIBS system. ","LIBS measurements were performed off-line on sampled slag at EAF plant. On-line trials at BOF plant haven't been done due to practical problems.","EUR 22818"]
[30,"7210-PR/300","In-line assessment of steel cleanness during the secondary steelmaking process","/","The aim of this project was to work out an appropriate steel cleanness index, to be used for in-line quality assessment during secondary steelmaking process. Another objective was to complete the information obtained in this way with a more precise knowledge of the inclusion size and distribution using statistical/stereological tools and distribution models. This ladle treatment in-line control was based on the fast and simultaneous determination of the steel and slag chemistry.",1,"2, 3, 4","1.3, 2.2, 3.4, 4.1","LF","RH, TUN","Tool for steel cleanness in-line assessment during secondary steelmaking process based on PDA-OES measurement.","Preindustrial demonstration has been conducted, in real time, during one shift.","EUR 22032 EN"]
[31,"7210-PR/269 ","Improvement of process control and refractory performance of the AOD converter","/","This project was the continuation of work performed within the previous ECSC project 7210-PR/011. To improve the accuracy in on-line observation of the carbon content, a thermodynamic decarburisation model was developed. Furthermore the process observation system was extended by a thermodynamic model for the nitrogen content. On the basis of this model, a control concept for the nitrogen inert gas supply was developed, to adjust the aim nitrogen content under minimum costs.",3,"2, 4","2.1, 2.5, 3.3, 4.1","AOD",null,"Dynamic process model with thermodynamic description of decarburisation and nitrogen content behaviour during AOD process ","Process model was provided as simulation model with validation by industrial process data. Pilot application at one industrial AOD plant within the project, today applied in some AOD process control systems.  ","EUR 21974 "]
[32,"7210-PR/329","De-oxidation practice and slag ability to trap non-metallic inclusions and their influence on the castability and steel cleanliness","/","The aim of this research was to evaluate the inclusion properties and final steel cleanness regarding deoxidation practice and the slag ability to trap non-metallic inclusions.",1,"2, 4","1.3, 2.3, 4.3","LF","VD","(1) Study of (a) deoxidation and (b) slag conditioning practices using laboratory experiments, modelling and pilot/plant trials to improve castability and cleanness (2) Detailed description of one of the fundamental aspects of ladle refining i.e. inclusion nucleation and growth phenomenon","The main results obtained in the framework of this project show that more work need to be done to develop a complete and satisfying model of various reactions in a ladle. The main difficulty was the coupling of thermodynamics, kinetics and fluid dynamics.","EUR 23194 EN"]
[33,"7210-PR/330","Development of advanced methods for control of the ladle stirring process","/","Development of innovative methods for continuous on-line monitoring of ladle stirring processes by means of digital image analysis applied to melt surface, and by means of vibration measurements",3,"2","3.3, 2.3, 2.5","AS",null,"Development of an on-line control of gas stirred ladle treatment to improve the steel quality with respect to refining, inclusion removal, homogenization, slag entrapment and reoxidation.","A labratory work has been conducted to investigate the effect of different parameters on the process. Moreover, image process, CFD and vibration measurement have been conducted and validated with the industrial trials. However, the image analysis hasn't been a compelete success.","EUR 22988 EN"]
[34,"7210-PR/331","Improved control of inclusion chemistry and steel cleanness in the ladle furnace","/","The objective of the project was to enhance the control of inclusion chemistry and steel cleanness in the ladle furnace, regarding the process operation practice with respect to stirring patterns and slag practice.",1,"2, 3","1.3, 2.1, 2.3, 3.4","LF","VD, AS","Investigation of stirring and heating strategies for inclusion chemistry and cleaness of the steel melt in ladle furnace station","The project investigate effects of stirring (gas and/or induction) on cleanness and composition of inclusions in the melt. A state-of-the-art guidline has been adopted and suggested to improve the process which has been implemented in mutiple plants.","EUR 23593"]
[35,"7210-PR-332","Optimisation and evaluation of different secondary metallurgy routes to achieve high quality strip steel","/","The proposed research project aims at the optimisation and evaluation of different production lines to achieve high quality steel grades for strip production. The possibilities of Ca treatment in the production of these steel grades were clarified. Several secondary metallurgy lines were considered and practices for an optimised treatment by ladle furnace, RH degassing and tank degassing combinations in-line with vertical-bending slab casters and thin slab casters were worked out.",1,"5","1.3, 5.3","LF","VD, RH","(1) Evaluated and optimized the secondary metallurgy production lines to achieve high quality strip for ULC/IF steel (2) Evaluated the possibility of Ca treatment to the strip grades which helped in optimizing the important process parameters to Ca treatment such as Ca yield, its amount and injection rate etc. ","The slag metallurgy and Ca treatment practices for strip grades have been optimized at an industrial scale ","EUR 23888"]
[36,"RFSR-CT-2003-00008","Investigations and measures to reduce emissions and energy consumption during preheating of steel ladles","IMSTEELLAD","The goal of this research project was to optimise the ladle preheating procedure for emissions and energy consumption. For that purpose also a ladle temperature control model was developed. ",5,"3, 4","5.1, 4.1, 3.3","LF",null,"A new burner with heat recovery system has been implemented, with heat exchanger performance for Thermal efficiency of 70% and energy savings of 35%. A new regenerative heat recovery system was installed at a heating station at TKLNR. An increased fuel-efficiency (the natural gas consumption had been reduced by more than 20 % for both) The ladle control model for the ladle thermal tracking was implemented in the Sidenor-Basauri meltshop in 2006 and is since then in operation.influence.","See results. Partners have directly benefited from the project findings.","EUR 23175 EN"]
[37,"RFSR-CT-2003-00016","Cost efficient metallurgy for the production of novel ultra high strength deep drawable steel grades with high Mn contents from 10 to 25 wt.-%","PROMS","The aim of the project was the selection and development of suitable technologies of primary and secondary metallurgy for the production of ultra-high strength deep-drawable steels with high manganese contents these steels with an emphasis on the BOF route.",3,"1, 2,4","2.1, 1.1, 4.1","VOD","LF, AOD","Investigation into a cost effective industrial process technology within the primary and secondary metallurgy to produce a novel ultra high-strength high Mn-content steel.","The project studied and compared multiple routes in production of high-strength high Mn-content steel with successfully identifying the most effective approach within different process which was implemented in an industrial plant.","EUR 22991 EN"]
[38,"RFSR-CT-2003-00043","Feasibility of a fast vacuum slag analysis by laser OES in secondary steelmaking","AVAS","The feasibility of a fast slag analysis at the vacuum degasser for better production control in secondary steelmaking was demonstrated with the emphasis on SiO2, CaO and Al2O3. The comparability with XRF measurements (directly on casted slags and/or after preparation) was investigated by performing a round robin trial within the partners.",1,null,"1.2","VD",null,"Investigation of the feasibility of fast slag analysis for a better control during the secondary metallurgy process","The project was unable to produce reliable results regarding the fast slag analysis using laser OES method. Furthermore, the obtained results in some cases were also irreproducible.","/"]
[39,"RFSP-CT-2004-00006","Application of direct optical temperature measurement in steelmaking process","DOT Application","In this P&D project the temperature evolution in the BOF converter during oxygen blowing was continuously monitored to improve end point control. Therefore a measurement system was developed using an optical fibre which is continuously fed into the melt. ",1,null,"1.1, 3.5","AOD",null,"Evolution of liquid steel temperature in LD converter can be measured online during blowing to determine end point, but availability is limited by availability of bottom tuyere","Measurement system was applied at one LD converter","EUR 23736 EN"]
[40,"RFSR-CT-2005-00013","Innovative tundish management for final steel thermal and chemical adjustment","TUNDJUST","Alloying techniques were defined and applied via CaSi/FeS wire injection;  inclusion engineering was performed via material poured into a pad. For temperature control, local reheating was successfully achieved with exothermic powders at the surface above the exits; a model for online control of steel temperature was set up and validated with plant data for operational purposes. The innovative character of the work consisted of the application in a 'continuous' reactor (tundish) of metallurgy operations typically exploited in a ladle ('batch' reactor). The application leads to cost savings allowing further steel composition/temperature control after ladle treatment. ",1,"3","1.3, 3.1","TUN",null,"Alloying techniques were defined and applied via CaSi/FeS wire injection;  inclusion engineering was performed via material poured into a pad. For temperature control, local reheating was successfully achieved with exothermic powders at the surface above the exits; a model for online control of steel temperature was set up and validated with plant data for operational purposes.  ","The findings were applied and used on plant partners facilities. They can be applied to all steel routes with the same needs. The innovative character of the work consisted of the application in a 'continuous' reactor (tundish) of metallurgy operations typically exploited in a ladle ('batch' reactor). The application leads to cost savings allowing steel composition / temperature control after ladle treatment.","EUR 24348 EN"]
[41,"RFSR-CT-2005-00005","Improvement of purging plugs performances by investigations on the materials, process analysis and continuous monitoring","ImPurgingAr","The objective of this research project was the improvement of the purging plugs performance for ladle Ar stirring. The objective is to improve the plugs selection and management in order to enhance their performances. Overall result was to set up a model of general application of the correlations between the process and the behaviour of the plugs.",4,null,"4.2","AS","LF","Link between thermo physical and thermo chemical models was achieved, together with exploiting measuring system to produce continuous wear data.\n","Settled a methodology with measuring and investigation instruments able to support the steelmaking industry on both the selection of the most suitable purging plugs to use in specified working conditions and on the enhancement of plug use and maintenance procedures, suitable to improve their\nperformances. ","EUR 24987 EN"]
[42,"RFSR-CT-2005-00006","Prediction of inclusions in the slabs from the process characteristics","PREDINC","The aim of this project was to develop a system capable to determine the quality in the field of inclusions of steel before and during its production, in order to change the setups to improve it. Two ways of model development were carried out: classical thermodynamic calculation and data-based analysis.\n \n",2,"1","2.1, 2.2, 2.3","All (except VOD, AOD)",null,"(1) Inclusion prediction models using (a) Data based and (b) Thermodynamic modelling have been developed (2) Data based models have been developed with two different approaches using (i) Parsytec data and (ii) the direct information of the steel.","The methodologies used for the data based models have proven to reliable and the generic information about the most significant variables affecting the steel quality can be used in the industries with similar facilities with the\nsame production characteristics","EUR 24992 EN"]
[43,"RFSR-CT-2006-00018","Grain size control in steel by means of dispersed non-metallic inclusions","GRAINCONT","Within this project research work was carried out to control steel composition and temperature in the tundish, and to perform inclusion engineering. The research work was supported by fluid dynamics management, aimed at favouring dissolution of materials for alloying and inclusion modification, and at allowing the identification of injection techniques. A model for online control of steel temperature was set up and validated with plant data for operational purposes. ",2,"3","2.3, 3.1","TUN",null,"Grain refining in steel by addition of suitable inoculants systems and selection of proper addition technique was proven to be possible, both for low-alloy and stainless steel. Different types of inoculants systems were produced and tested by both continuous injection technique and batch additions in molten steel. ","A potential was shown for master alloying design aimed at grain refining under industrial conditions, also in view of enhancing material properties such as weldability and mechanical strength without compromising the ductility. On the basis of the promising results obtained during the experimental activity, TK AST steel plant intended to improve the system and the procedures to enhance the purging plug performances of its steel ladle. ","EUR 24993 EN"]
[44,"RFSR-CT-2006-00005","Cost efficient metallurgy for the production of novel ultra high strength deep drawable steel grades with high Mn contents from 10 to 25 wt.-% by using EAF steel making route","EAF-PROMS","The aim of the work was the selection and development of suitable technologies of primary and secondary metallurgy for the production of ultra high-strength deep-drawable steels with high manganese contents with emphasis on the EAF route. ",3,"2","2.1, 3.2, 3.4","not applicable",null,"Investigation into a cost effective industrial process technology within the primary and secondary metallurgy with the EAF as an initial point to produce a novel ultra high-strength high Mn-content steel.","The project investigated the possibility to apply scarp based production routes to produce the high-strength high Mn-content steel. Unfortunately, the results of the project were not able to identify an economical and practical approach. However, the scrap based production routes of this type of steels maybe further investigated in the future.","EUR 24225 EN"]
[45,"RFSR-CT-2007-00004","Online control of desulphurization and degassing through ladle bubbling under vacuum","ONDECO","Development of image and vibration sensors to qualify the stirring state during LF treatment and VD degassing and use it as input for a desulphurisation model",1,"2, 3","1.4, 2.1, 2.5, 3.2","VD","LF","Online measurement systems based on VIS camera and on accelerometers to be evaluate stirring efficiency and its effect on  desulphurization and degassing at LF and VD.","Cameras and vibration sensors were installed and are used for evaluating stirring efficiency. A correlation between the measured camera index and the sulphur reduction as well as the degree of\ndesulphurisation has been established (at LF). Available offline\ndesulphurisation and degassing models have been modified and are now used online, with the gas flow rate estimated by the measured vibration index is used as\na relevant input parameter (at VD).","EUR 25091 EN"]
[46,"RFSR-CT-2007-00009 ","Improvement of ladle stirring to minimise slag emulsification and reoxidation during alloying and rinsing","STIMPROVE","Development of digital infrared image analysis and theoretical models to assess stirring process parameters and clarify their interaction with steel metallurgy",1,"2, 3","1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.3, 3.5","AS",null,"Investiagtion of stirring conditions and cleannes of product suggested a reduction of stirring gas flow rate during alloying and rinsing. ","Online monitoring of stirring by camera and image analysis applied at rinsing station. Reduced stirring gas flow rates applied with no influence on steel quality.","EUR 25068 EN"]
[47,"RFSR-CT-2007-00011","Development of steel grade related slag systems with low reoxidation potential in ladle and optimised ladle glaze technique for improving steel cleanness","STEELCLEAN-CONTROL","Investigation of interaction between deoxidised steel melts and oxidic materials during ladle metallurgy. Development and practical verification of optimised slag compositions and treatment strategies for inclusion voidance and removal for improved steel cleanness.  ",1,"2, 4, 5","1.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.3, 5.3","All (except RH)",null,"(1) The project work lead to the improved understanding about reoxidation and ladle glaze impact on steel quality which enabled (i) Improved steel cleanness (ii) Precise process control and (iii) Increased productivity","The results of this project lead in a longer perspective to an increased product quality and productivity in European steelmaking industries, thus enhancing its competitiveness","EUR 25076 EN"]
[48,"RFSR-CT-2007-00007","Resource-saving operation and control of stainless steel refining in VOD and AOD process","OPConStainless","The objective of the project was to improve the operation and control of stainless steel refining within the VOD and the AOD process with respect to the main metallurgical operations. This was achieved by detailed investigations with CFD based process models, and by application of dynamic models for on-line observation and control of the process.",3,"2","2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 3.3","VOD","AOD","Dynamic process model with thermodynamic description of decarburisation and temperature behaviour during AOD and VOD process. Process control algorithms provided as simulation tools.  ","Process models were validated by industrial process data. On-line applications at one industrial AOD and VOD plant within the project, today applied in some process control systems.  ","EUR 25087 EN"]
[49,"RFSR-CT-2008-00006","Active tundish metallurgy","AcTuM","The project aimed at improved, better guaranteed steel cleanness by applying tailored tundish slag with high capacity to efficiently absorb macro- and micro-inclusions from different steels. Fundamental studies on factors influencing inclusion removal and inclusion cleanliness in tundish as well as thermodynamic calculations showed that more basic slag would lead to a more effective tundish slag having higher capacity to absorb inclusions compared to standard practice. ",1,"2","1.2, 1.3, 2.1","TUN",null,"Fundamental studies as well as thermodynamic calculations showed that a more basic slag would lead to a more effective tundish slag having higher capacity to absorb inclusions compared to standard practice.\nBased on these results better slags and practices were proposed for industrial trials.\n"," Experimental tests at steel plants with the new proposed tundish powders showed improvement in steel cleanness compared to standard practice.The new tundish practices developed in this project have been successfully implemented at two of the plant partners works ( Sidenor and Ovako ). ","EUR 25875 EN"]
[50,"RFCS-CT-2008-00003","Optimized production of low C and N steel grades via the steelmaking route","LOWCNEAF","Within this project through process control strategies were developed for the reliable achievement of low C and N contents within the EAF route under minimum costs. In this context dynamic process models for the EAF for on-line calculation of C and N content, and for the VD plant regarding degassing and temperature behaviour were applied at several plants.",3,"2","3.4","VD","LF, TUN","Dynamic through process model for evolution of nitrogen and carbon content along the process route of electric steelmaking. Control algorithms to achieve the target values provided as simulation tools.  ","Process models were validated by industrial process data of two plants. Models and control algorithms were partailly implemented on-line within the project. Today the solution is applied in few through process  process control systems.  ","EUR 25869 EN"]
[51,"RFSR-CT-2008-00044","Enhanced reliability in ladle refining processes (VD, VOD and LF) by improved on-line process monitoring and control","LAREFMON","The objective of this project was to improve the reliability of vacuum degassing and ladle furnace treatment by joint application of new thermal imaging-based evaluation of stirring efficiency and improved dynamic process models. Enhanced online monitoring and control systems were developed and applied for reliable control and improved performance of the main metallurgical ladle refining processes. Among others, an IR-camera was successfully applied to monitor the melt bath surface during VD treatment.   ",1,"2, 3","1.4, 2.1, 2.5, 3.3","VD","VOD, LF","Joint application of new (thermal) imaging based evaluation of stirring efficiency to overcome the problems caused by an undefined stirring intensity during VD, VOD\nand LF treatment and to improve the process reliabilities.","Camera-based monitoring systems were implemented at VD, VOD and LF. Process models for all metallurgical operations which are relevant for secondary steelmaking in VD /\nVOD and LF plants were developed and validated within off-line calculations. The on-line application of\nthe models focused on monitoring of degassing and melt temperature during VD treatment, as well as on\nmelt temperature at the LF.","EUR 25947 EN"]
[52,"RFSR-CT-2009-00003","Enhanced steel ladle life by improving the resistance of lining to thermal, thermomechanical and thermochemical alteration","Ladlife","Ladle refractory wear is an important concern for steelmakers, not only for the material cost but also for its influence on plant productivity and safety. This project aims at enhancing ladle lining life, helping steelmakers in decisions about materials to use and in scheduling of maintenance operations. This will be achieved by model based soft sensors and laboratory work. The wear of ladle lining is mainly due to its cyclic interaction with steel and slag during its normal operation. The understanding of the chemical, thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical reactions in the metal-slag-refractory system is the key to reach the planned goal.",3,"2, 4, 5","2.1, 2.4, 3.4, 4.1, 5.3","All",null,"Investigations on degradation and wear of ladle refractory material by laboratory studies as well as thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical simulations to improve ladle lining life.","The results of the project work are being used by the two industrial partners in the consortium. The trials\nabout refractory materials, refractory configuration and industrial practices have been evaluated and\nmany of them left as standard. Improvement in ladle lining life was obtained regarding increment of number of heats per\ncampaign. ","EUR 26689 EN"]
[53,"RFSR-CT-2010-00003","Multi-criteria through-process optimisation of liquid steelmaking","TOTOPTLIS","Main objective of this project was the development of a through-process optimisation for the liquid steelmaking route. Real-time monitoring and predictive models, using process and sensor data from different aggregates, shall be integrated for a multi-criteria optimisation of material and energy input regarding quality, productivity and costs. A dynamic modification of the planned process route will be suggested in case of deviations in quality relevant parameters.",3,"2","3.4","LF","VD, AS","Dynamic through process model for evolution of temperature, slag composition, desulphurisation and degassing along the process route of liquid steelmaking. Coupling with optimisation algorithms for process control.  ","Process models were validated by industrial process data of three plants. Models and control algorithms were partially implemented on-line within the project. Today the solution is partially applied in few through process control systems for liquid steelmaking.  ","EUR 26931 EN"]
[54,"RFSR-CT-2010-00005 ","Increased yield and enhanced steel quality by improved deslagging and slag conditioning","OPTDESLAG","In this project, CCD and infrared cameras and imaging systems were installed to monitor and improve ladle deslagging operations. Based on the image analysis the amount of remaining slag on the melt bath was estimated. The latter information was used as additional input for a slag balance model, to calculate slag amount and composition throughout ladle treatment and to derive set-points for slag former additions.",3,"1, 2","1.4, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5","All",null,"Online monitoring of deslagging process after EAF tap and after desulphurisation of hot metal using camera based image analysis and online models","CCD cameras permanently installed and connected with image analysis software for monitoring of purging gas/slag rake movements, slag area and slag amount. The online application of the\nmodels focused on calculation of slag conditions and to provide recommendations\nfor the amount of slag forming agents to be added, and on calculation of the amount of slag that can be transferred into BOF. ","EUR 27438 EN"]
[55,"RFSR-CT-2011-00004","Intelligent cleanness control in secondary steelmaking by advanced off-line and on-line process models","IntCleanCon","Within this project CFD and on-line prediction models were developed and applied for advanced industrial control strategies and practices in secondary metallurgy, in order to guarantee highest steel cleanness levels for high quality steels. On-line control strategies, based on a combination of through-process models and new monitoring and control techniques for stirring during ladle metallurgy processes, were used for reliable achievement of improved cleanness and castability  ",3,"1, 2","1.4, 2.1, 3.4","AS","LF, RH","CFD, on-line prediction models and on-line control strategies, based on a combination of through-process models and new monitoring and control techniques for stirring during ladle metallurgy processes ","The project has combined many modelling tools, new index definitions and plant data to increment\nthe knowledge about inclusions inspired by two practical objectives: cleanliness in final product and castability in microalloyed steels. The overall balance is that practical\nimprovements and theoretical knowledge have been gained in both cases and interesting exchange\nbetween partners has been promoted.","EUR 27832 EN"]
[56,"RFSR-CT-2012-00005","Stirring plug monitoring system for improvement of plug availability and stirring performance","PlugWatch","The aim of this research project is the development and installation of online monitoring systems for stirring plugs in steel ladles in order to determine and predict their availability and performance for stirring processes.",4,"2, 3","2.1, 2.4, 3.5, 4.2","LF","AS, VD, VOD","Measurement techniques for plug refractory temperature, numerical simulation of process induced changes in stirring plugs, software engineering to determine and predict stirring plug availability and performance","Discontinuous measurement of stirring plug temperature was realised and performed. Wireless data transmission was not possible due to high temperatures and low signals. Models were developed to describe heating and cooling procedures during stirring plug life. Software tools were developed for the management of process data and the new temperature information in the stirring plug.","not yet published"]
[57,"RFSR-CT-2013-00030","Environmental impact evaluation and effective management of resources in the EAF steelmaking","EIRES","This ongoing project aims at defining a methodology for the assessment of the environmental impact of EAF steelmaking plants. Emissions into air, water and soil, as well as energy, water and wastes management, properly measured and weighted, will contribute to the definition of a global index. Moreover, simulation models for the plants of the EAF steelmaking route will be developed to predict the environmental impact of process modifications.  ",5,"3","5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 3.4","All",null,"Key Performance Indicators were selected in order to monitor the environmental performance of the whole steelmaking process in terms of energy consumption, water and air emissions, by-products and waste management. ","To support stakeholders, a tool was implemented in order to follow the temporal evolution of the defined KPIs on both real and simulated data, and suitable simulation models have been developed for scenario analyses.","still running"]
[58,"RFSR-CT-2014-00006","Improving steelmaking processes by enhancing thermal state ladle monitoring","LADTHERM","This project aims to monitor the thermal state of steelmaking ladles during secondary steelmaking operations. Refractory temperature measurements will provide online information to accompanying thermal models for the ladle lining. This is a new input parameter for ladle thermal state monitoring systems to optimize the use of thermal energy stored in the ladle lining.",1," 2, 3, 4, 5","1.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 5.2","All",null,"still ongoing project","still ongoing project","still running"]
[59,"RFSR-CT-2015-00004","Dynamic stirring for improvement of energy efficiency in secondary steelmaking","DYNSTIR","The project objective is to improve ladle stirring by developing dynamic stirring policies in secondary steelmaking at different treatment stations (CAS-OB, VD and FT). In heat-individual dynamic stirring, the stirring process will be tailored to the individual need of each treated steel melt, based on metallurgical fundamentals, with the aim to improve the energy efficiency of the ladle stirring processes while maintaining the cleanness of the final product. Imaging and vibration measurement systems will be used to monitor the actual stirring, compare it to the ideal treatment according to the stirring policies and advise correct stirring accordingly.",3,"1, 2, 5","1.4, 2.3, 2.4, 5.2 ","AS","VD, CAS-OB","still ongoing project","still ongoing project","still running"]
[60,"RFSP-CT-2015-00026","Plant wide control of steel bath temperature","PlantTemp","The objective of this P&D project is to develop an operator advisory system for through-process monitoring and control of the liquid steel temperature in order to improve the accuracy in meeting the target casting temperature with minimisation of energy and material consumptions. The through-process control system shall be based on enhanced dynamic models and measurement procedures covering the complete process chain of electric steelmaking from the superheating phase in the EAF up to the end of the casting process in the tundish.",3,"1, 2","3.4, 1.1","All","LF, VD","Operator advisory tool for through process monitoring and control of liquid steel temperature based on dynamic process model, novel sensors, and adapted measurement routines","Implementeation of operator adisory system in one pilot application at electric steel plant ","still running"]